Private Universities in UAE

Checkout the Private Universities in UAE....

Standyou Team
Standyou Team

Apr 24, 2025 12:52:03

List of Top 30 Private Universities in UAE for Indian Students


Top Private Universities in UAE for Indian Students

No.

University Name

QS World Ranking (2024)

Approx. Fees (USD/year)

Intakes

Popular Courses

1

Khalifa University (Private/Public Hybrid)

230

$22,000 – $30,000

Sep

Engineering, Computer Science, AI

2

American University of Sharjah (AUS)

364

$23,000 – $26,000

Jan, Sep

Engineering, Business, Architecture

3

University of Sharjah (Private/Public Hybrid)

465

$10,000 – $16,000

Jan, Sep

Health Sciences, Engineering, Law

4

American University in Dubai (AUD)

601-650

$22,000 – $27,000

Jan, Sep

Business, Media, Engineering

5

University of Wollongong in Dubai (UOWD)

551-600

$15,000 – $20,000

Jan, May, Sep

Business, IT, Engineering

6

Heriot-Watt University Dubai

701-750 (Main Campus UK)

$14,000 – $22,000

Jan, Sep

Business, Data Science, Design

7

Middlesex University Dubai

1001-1200 (Main Campus UK)

$13,000 – $18,000

Jan, May, Sep

Law, Psychology, Business

8

Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Dubai Campus)

N/A

$9,000 – $14,000

Jan, Sep

Engineering, IT, Media

9

Amity University Dubai

N/A

$8,000 – $14,000

Jan, Sep

Management, AI, Interior Design

10

Canadian University Dubai (CUD)

601-650

$14,000 – $20,000

Jan, Sep

Architecture, Marketing, Engineering

11

Murdoch University Dubai

571-580 (Main Campus Australia)

$12,000 – $16,000

Jan, Sep

Cybersecurity, Communication

12

Curtin University Dubai

183 (Main Campus AUS)

$14,000 – $20,000

Jan, May, Sep

Business, Logistics, IT

13

Hult International Business School (Dubai)

N/A

$37,000 – $45,000

Sep

MBA, Global Business, Marketing

14

SP Jain School of Global Management (Dubai Campus)

Top 100 (MBA - QS Global)

$20,000 – $40,000

Jan, Sep

Global MBA, BBA, Business Analytics

15

Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) Dubai

1001-1200 (Main Campus USA)

$17,000 – $24,000

Jan, Sep

Engineering, Computing, Business

16

University of Birmingham Dubai

84 (Main Campus UK)

$18,000 – $25,000

Jan, Sep

AI, Psychology, Business

17

University of Stirling Ras Al Khaimah

431 (Main Campus UK)

$10,000 – $13,000

Jan, Sep

Business, IT, Education

18

Paris Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi

501-550

$12,000 – $20,000

Sep

Humanities, Intl Law, French Studies

19

New York University Abu Dhabi (Private but Highly Selective)

38

$0 (Fully funded for accepted students)

Sep

Liberal Arts, Economics, CS

20

Abu Dhabi University

701-750

$11,000 – $17,000

Jan, Sep

Law, Business, Public Health

21

Al Ghurair University

N/A

$7,000 – $12,000

Jan, Sep

Business, Engineering, IT

22

Ajman University

551-600 (Arab Region)

$9,000 – $14,000

Jan, Sep

Dentistry, Pharmacy, Engineering

23

Gulf Medical University (GMU)

N/A

$15,000 – $22,000

Aug, Jan

Medicine, Pharmacy, Healthcare Mgmt

24

Skyline University College

N/A

$7,000 – $12,000

Jan, Sep

Business, IT, Tourism Mgmt

25

Al Dar University College

N/A

$6,000 – $10,000

Jan, Sep

Engineering, Business

26

BITS Pilani Dubai Campus

N/A

$10,000 – $14,000

Aug

Engineering, Sciences, Management

27

Abu Dhabi School of Management (ADSM)

N/A

$12,000 – $16,000

Jan, Sep

MBA, Business Analytics

28

Westford University College (in academic partnerships)

N/A

$8,000 – $13,000

Multiple

MBA, Business, Supply Chain

29

City University College of Ajman (CUCA)

N/A

$6,000 – $9,000

Jan, Sep

Law, IT, Business

30

Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU)

N/A

$25,000 – $40,000

Sep

Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing


Popular Courses Among Indian Students in UAE:

  • Engineering (Mechanical, Civil, Electrical, Computer Science)

  • Business & Management

  • Information Technology & AI

  • Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy

  • Media and Communication

  • Law and International Relations

  • Design, Fashion & Architecture

Universities in UAE


Private Universities in UAE for International Students


Top Private Universities in UAE for International Students (2024-25)

No.

University Name

Location

QS World Ranking

Tuition Fees (USD/year)

Intakes

Notable Programs

1

American University in Dubai (AUD)

Dubai

601-650

$22,000 – $27,000

Jan, Sep

Business, Media, Engineering

2

American University of Sharjah (AUS)

Sharjah

364

$23,000 – $26,000

Jan, Sep

Architecture, Engineering, Finance

3

University of Sharjah

Sharjah

465

$10,000 – $16,000

Jan, Sep

Health Sciences, Law, Engineering

4

University of Wollongong in Dubai (UOWD)

Dubai

551-600

$15,000 – $20,000

Jan, May, Sep

Business, IT, Engineering

5

Middlesex University Dubai

Dubai

1001-1200

$13,000 – $18,000

Jan, May, Sep

Psychology, Law, Business

6

Heriot-Watt University Dubai

Dubai

701-750 (UK Campus)

$14,000 – $22,000

Jan, Sep

AI, Design, Energy Engineering

7

Manipal Academy of Higher Education – Dubai Campus

Dubai

N/A

$9,000 – $14,000

Jan, Sep

IT, Engineering, Interior Design

8

Amity University Dubai

Dubai

N/A

$8,000 – $14,000

Jan, Sep

AI, Forensic Science, Fashion Design

9

Canadian University Dubai (CUD)

Dubai

601-650

$14,000 – $20,000

Jan, Sep

Architecture, Marketing, Engineering

10

Curtin University Dubai

Dubai

183 (Main Campus AUS)

$14,000 – $20,000

Jan, May, Sep

Logistics, Digital Marketing

11

Murdoch University Dubai

Dubai

571-580

$12,000 – $16,000

Jan, Sep

Cybersecurity, Business Analytics

12

University of Birmingham Dubai

Dubai

84 (Main Campus UK)

$18,000 – $25,000

Jan, Sep

Business, Psychology, AI

13

SP Jain School of Global Management

Dubai

Top 100 (MBA)

$20,000 – $40,000

Jan, Sep

Global MBA, BBA

14

Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) Dubai

Dubai

1001-1200

$17,000 – $24,000

Jan, Sep

Software Engineering, Business

15

BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Dubai

N/A

$10,000 – $14,000

Aug

Engineering, Sciences, IT

16

Paris Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi

501-550

$12,000 – $20,000

Sep

Intl. Law, Humanities, French Studies

17

Abu Dhabi University (Private)

Abu Dhabi

701-750

$11,000 – $17,000

Jan, Sep

Business, Law, Public Health

18

Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU)

Dubai

N/A

$25,000 – $40,000

Sep

MBBS, Nursing, Dentistry

19

Gulf Medical University (GMU)

Ajman

N/A

$15,000 – $22,000

Jan, Aug

Medicine, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy

20

Ajman University

Ajman

551-600 (Arab Region)

$9,000 – $14,000

Jan, Sep

Dentistry, Engineering, Business


Popular Degrees for International Students in UAE

  • Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) / MBA

  • Bachelor of Technology / Engineering (BTech)

  • BSc in Computer Science / AI / Cybersecurity

  • Bachelor of Architecture

  • MBBS / BDS / Nursing / Pharmacy

  • Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Mass Communication, Psychology

  • LLB / International Law


Why UAE for International Students?

  • Globally Ranked Institutions (many are campuses of UK, US, Australian universities)

  • Multicultural Environment – Over 200 nationalities in the country

  • English-Taught Programs

  • Post-Study Work Opportunities

  • Gateway to Global Markets (Asia, Europe, Africa)

Study in UAE


Cheap Private Universities in UAE


Cheap Private Universities in the UAE (2024-25)

No.

University Name

Location

Approx. Fees (USD/year)

Intakes

Popular Programs

1

Al Dar University College

Dubai

$6,000 – $10,000

Jan, Sep

Business, Engineering, IT

2

Skyline University College

Sharjah

$7,000 – $12,000

Jan, Sep

Business, IT, Tourism

3

City University College of Ajman (CUCA)

Ajman

$6,000 – $9,000

Jan, Sep

Law, Business, Public Admin

4

Ajman University

Ajman

$9,000 – $14,000

Jan, Sep

Dentistry, Business, Engineering

5

University of Modern Sciences

Dubai

$6,000 – $9,000

Jan, Sep

Mass Comm., Business, IT

6

Al Khawarizmi International College (KIC)

Abu Dhabi & Al Ain

$6,500 – $10,000

Jan, Sep

Business, Health Info Mgmt

7

Emirates College of Technology

Abu Dhabi

$6,000 – $9,500

Jan, Sep

IT, HRM, Mass Comm.

8

University of Balamand Dubai

Dubai

$7,500 – $10,000

Jan, Sep

Civil Eng., Business, Chemistry

9

Westford University College (in partnership)

Sharjah

$8,000 – $13,000

Monthly intakes

MBA, Business, Supply Chain

10

Gulf College, Ras Al Khaimah Campus

Ras Al Khaimah

$5,500 – $8,000

Jan, Sep

Business, IT

11

American College of Dubai (ACD)

Dubai

$6,000 – $9,000

Jan, Sep

Business Admin, IT, English

12

International College of Law Business Administration & Technology (ICLBAT)

Dubai

$5,000 – $8,000

Jan, Sep

Law, Business, IT

13

College of the Emirates

Ras Al Khaimah

$5,000 – $7,000

Jan, Sep

Accounting, Management

14

Lincoln University of Business and Management (LUBM)

Sharjah

$7,000 – $11,000

Rolling

MBA, Executive BBA

15

Global College International - UAE Campus

Ajman

$5,000 – $8,500

Jan, Sep

BBA, IT, Hotel Mgmt


Tips for Budget-Friendly Study in UAE:

  • Scholarships: Many of these institutions offer merit-based or early bird discounts.

  • Flexible Payment Plans: Some allow semester-based or monthly fee payment options.

  • Partnered Degrees: A few colleges offer UK or Indian-affiliated degrees at local UAE prices.


Most Affordable Popular Courses:

  • BBA / MBA (General or Specializations)

  • Computer Science / IT

  • Mass Communication

  • Tourism & Hospitality

  • Civil & Mechanical Engineering

  • Law & Public Administration

Engineering, Science & Technology in UAE


Eligibility to get admission to Private Universities in UAE


For Undergraduate Programs (Bachelor’s Degree)

Requirement

Details

Academic Qualification

Completion of 12 years of schooling (Higher Secondary / Grade 12 / A-levels / IB / State Boards etc.)

Minimum Marks

Usually 50% – 60% minimum in core subjects (some courses like engineering or health sciences may require 70%+)

English Language Proficiency

IELTS (5.0–6.0), TOEFL (PBT 500–550, iBT 61–80), or English-medium certificate from high school (some universities accept it in lieu of IELTS)

Mathematics / Science Prerequisites

Needed for engineering, IT, business, and science programs (e.g., PCM background for B.Tech/Engineering)

Passport & Visa

Must hold a valid passport; universities assist with student visa processing

Statement of Purpose (SOP) / Interview

Required at some universities, especially in competitive or creative fields (media, architecture)


For Postgraduate Programs (Master’s / MBA / MS)

Requirement

Details

Academic Qualification

Bachelor’s degree in a relevant field from a recognized university (3 or 4-year degree)

Minimum GPA / Percentage

Typically 50% – 60% minimum or GPA of 2.5/4.0 (varies by course and university)

Work Experience (for MBA)

Usually 0–2 years for general MBA; 3+ years for Executive MBA (EMBA)

English Language Proficiency

IELTS (6.0–6.5), TOEFL (iBT 79+), or MOI (medium of instruction letter from your university)

Recommendation Letters

1–2 academic/professional references may be required

Statement of Purpose (SOP)

Required to assess your motivation and future goals

Resume/CV

Especially for business or professional master’s degrees

GMAT/GRE

Rarely required in UAE private universities, except for select programs at top-tier institutions


Documents Required for Admission:

  • Academic transcripts (high school / bachelor’s)

  • Passport copy

  • Passport-size photos

  • English proficiency test score (or waiver)

  • Statement of Purpose (if applicable)

  • CV/Resume (for PG courses)

  • Reference letters (for PG courses)

  • Equivalency Certificate (for some degrees from non-UAE systems – can be arranged after admission)

B.Sc in UAE


Fee Structure of Private Universities in UAE


Undergraduate Fee Structure (Bachelor’s Degree)

University

Annual Tuition Fees (USD)

Notable UG Programs

Amity University Dubai

$8,000 – $14,000

BBA, B.Tech, Forensic Science

Manipal University Dubai

$9,000 – $14,000

Engineering, IT, Design

American University in Dubai (AUD)

$22,000 – $27,000

Architecture, Media, Business

American University of Sharjah (AUS)

$23,000 – $26,000

Engineering, Business, Design

University of Wollongong in Dubai (UOWD)

$15,000 – $20,000

Business, CS, Finance

Middlesex University Dubai

$13,000 – $18,000

Law, Psychology, IT

BITS Pilani Dubai

$10,000 – $14,000

Engineering, Sciences

Heriot-Watt University Dubai

$14,000 – $22,000

AI, Civil Engineering, Business

University of Birmingham Dubai

$18,000 – $25,000

CS, Business, Psychology

Canadian University Dubai

$14,000 – $20,000

Architecture, Marketing, IT

Skyline University College

$7,000 – $12,000

Business, Hospitality

City University College of Ajman (CUCA)

$6,000 – $9,000

Business, Law, HRM

Gulf Medical University (GMU)

$15,000 – $22,000

Pharmacy, Biomed, MBBS

Ajman University

$9,000 – $14,000

Dentistry, Engineering, IT

Westford University College

$8,000 – $13,000

BBA (UK-affiliated), Finance


Postgraduate Fee Structure (MBA / MS / MA)

University

Tuition Fees per Year (USD)

Notable PG Programs

SP Jain Global (Dubai Campus)

$20,000 – $40,000

Global MBA, MGB

Hult Business School (Dubai Campus)

$37,000 – $45,000

MBA, International Business

Curtin University Dubai

$15,000 – $20,000

Logistics, Business Analytics

Murdoch University Dubai

$12,000 – $16,000

Business, Cybersecurity

Abu Dhabi University

$11,000 – $17,000

MBA, Public Health

University of Birmingham Dubai

$18,000 – $25,000

MSc AI, MSc Management

Middlesex University Dubai

$14,000 – $17,000

MA Education, MSc Digital Marketing

University of Wollongong in Dubai (UOWD)

$15,000 – $20,000

MBA, Supply Chain Mgmt

American University in Dubai (AUD)

$22,000 – $28,000

MBA, Leadership

Al Ghurair University

$8,000 – $12,000

MBA, IT

Skyline University College

$8,000 – $10,000

MBA

Westford University College (partnered)

$7,000 – $12,000

Executive MBA, PG Diploma

Lincoln University of Business & Mgmt

$7,000 – $11,000

MBA (UK-accredited)

Gulf Medical University (GMU)

$18,000 – $25,000

Healthcare Mgmt, MHA


Additional Costs to Consider:

Expense Type

Estimated Cost (USD/year)

Accommodation

$4,000 – $10,000

Food & Living

$3,000 – $6,000

Visa & Medical Insurance

$800 – $1,200

Books & Materials

$300 – $600

Transportation

$500 – $1,000


Payment Options

  • Many universities allow installment payments per semester.

  • Some offer early bird discounts or scholarships of 10–50%.

  • Flexible plans for international students are commonly available.

Benefits of Studying in UAE


Admission Process of Private Universities of UAE


Step 1: Choose Your Program & University

  • Research based on your interest, budget, location (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah), and career goals.

  • Select 2–3 universities to apply to for better chances.

Step 2: Check Eligibility

For Bachelor’s:

  • Must have completed Grade 12 / HSC / A-levels / IB / State Boards.

  • Minimum 50–60% marks in relevant subjects.

  • English medium instruction or IELTS 5.0–6.0 (some universities waive it).

For Master’s:

  • Bachelor’s degree in relevant field.

  • 50–60% or GPA 2.5+/4.0.

  • IELTS/TOEFL (or English-medium certificate from previous institution).

  • Some courses (like MBA) may require work experience.


Step 3: Prepare Required Documents

Document

For UG

For PG

Passport copy

Academic transcripts (10th & 12th or UG degree)

IELTS/TOEFL score or English Proficiency Letter

Passport-size photographs

Resume (for PG)

Statement of Purpose (SOP)

Sometimes

Letters of Recommendation (LOR)

Optional

Equivalency Certificate (if needed)

After admission

After admission


Step 4: Apply Online or via Admission Partner

  • Most universities offer online application portals.

  • You can also apply through authorized education consultants.

  • Application fee: ~$50–100 (varies by university).


Step 5: Get Conditional Offer Letter

  • If eligible, you’ll receive an offer letter within 1–3 weeks.

  • The offer will state tuition fees, deposit requirement, and document conditions.


Step 6: Apply for Student Visa

  • The university typically sponsors your UAE student visa.

  • Submit:

    • Passport & visa-size photos

    • Medical test (done in UAE)

    • Emirates ID biometrics (after arrival)

  • Visa processing time: 2–3 weeks


Step 7: Finalize Admission & Travel

  • Pay remaining tuition (or 1st semester installment).

  • Book flight & accommodation (many universities offer student hostels).

  • Attend orientation after arrival.


Intake Seasons in UAE Private Universities

Intake

Months

Fall Intake (Major)

August – September

Spring Intake

January – February

Summer (Limited)

May – June (only some unis)

Rolling Admissions

Available in many budget colleges


Scholarship in Private Universities of UAE


Types of Scholarships Offered by Private Universities in UAE

Scholarship Type

Description

Merit-Based Scholarships

Awarded based on academic performance (typically for 85%+ in high school or CGPA 3.5+ in UG)

Need-Based Financial Aid

Based on family income and financial hardship (requires proof/documents)

Sports / Cultural Scholarships

For students with achievements in sports, arts, music, etc.

International Student Grants

Automatically given to international students (especially from India, Africa, etc.)

Alumni / Sibling Discounts

If a family member is also enrolled or an alumni of the university

Company-Sponsored / Corporate Tie-ups

Some universities offer partial scholarships through employer partnerships


Scholarships at Top Private UAE Universities (2024-25)

University

Scholarship %

Eligibility Criteria

Amity University Dubai

20% – 50%

Based on 12th grade scores, early bird, or merit

Manipal University Dubai

15% – 50%

80%+ marks in 12th or UG, sports/cultural talents

American University in Dubai (AUD)

Up to 50%

Academic excellence (95%+ in high school) or financial need

University of Wollongong in Dubai (UOWD)

15% – 50%

Based on merit, early applications, or family discounts

Middlesex University Dubai

15% – 40%

Merit, alumni, or early payment

BITS Pilani Dubai Campus

20% – 75%

Based on board exam scores, early admission, or financial need

Heriot-Watt University Dubai

10% – 50%

Academic performance, extracurricular activities

Canadian University Dubai (CUD)

10% – 40%

Academic merit, leadership or innovation

Ajman University

Up to 50%

For high-achieving students (based on GPA)

Skyline University College

20% – 50%

Merit or financial hardship

Abu Dhabi University

Up to 75%

Merit-based & need-based programs

Murdoch University Dubai

Up to 30%

GPA and early application

SP Jain Global – Dubai Campus

Up to 100%

Competitive selection based on test scores, GPA, and interview


Eligibility Checklist (Typical for Scholarships):

  • High academic scores (80–95% in high school or GPA 3.0–4.0 for PG)

  • Strong Statement of Purpose (SOP)

  • Letters of Recommendation (for PG scholarships)

  • English proficiency (IELTS/TOEFL or MOI)

  • Early application (before deadline = higher chance of scholarship)


Best Time to Apply for Scholarships:

Apply 3–6 months before the intake (e.g., apply by May–June for September intake) for better chances and priority consideration.


Intake of Private Universities in UAE


Intake Seasons at Private Universities in UAE (2024–25)

Intake Season

Months

Details

Fall Intake (Major)

August – September

Main intake with maximum course availability, scholarships, and housing

Spring Intake

January – February

Secondary intake, ideal if you missed Fall

Summer Intake

May – June

Limited courses (short programs, MBA, diplomas)

Rolling Admission

Year-round

Offered by some universities for professional/online/part-time programs


University-Wise Intake Summary (Top Private Universities)

University

Intakes Offered

Amity University Dubai

January, May, September

Manipal University Dubai

January, September

American University in Dubai (AUD)

January, September

University of Wollongong in Dubai (UOWD)

January, May, September

Middlesex University Dubai

January, May, September

Heriot-Watt University Dubai

January, September

Canadian University Dubai

January, May, September

BITS Pilani Dubai Campus

August (Fall only)

Skyline University College

January, September

SP Jain Global (Dubai)

January, September

Murdoch University Dubai

January, September

University of Birmingham Dubai

January, September

Curtin University Dubai

January, May, September

Ajman University

January, September

Abu Dhabi University

January, September

Gulf Medical University (GMU)

August, January (varies by program)


Notes for International Students:

  • Fall Intake is the best for full degree programs + most scholarships.

  • Spring Intake offers flexibility but may have fewer programs.

  • Summer Intake is great for short-term diplomas, foundation, or MBA fast-track programs.

  • Visa Processing Tip: Start the process 2–3 months before intake (especially for Jan or Sep).


QS World Ranking of Private Universities in UAE


QS World Rankings of Private Universities in UAE (2024–25)

No.

University Name

Location

QS Ranking (2024–25)

Notes

1

Khalifa University (Semi-private)

Abu Dhabi

#230 (Global)

Top-ranked in UAE; hybrid public-private

2

American University of Sharjah (AUS)

Sharjah

#364 (Global)

Strong in Architecture, Engineering

3

University of Sharjah (Hybrid)

Sharjah

#465 (Global)

Excellent for Health & Legal Studies

4

American University in Dubai (AUD)

Dubai

#601–650

Well-known for Business, Media

5

Canadian University Dubai (CUD)

Dubai

#551–600

Rapidly rising in QS rankings

6

University of Wollongong in Dubai (UOWD)

Dubai

#551–600 (Parent: UOW Australia)

Internationally accredited Australian branch

7

Heriot-Watt University Dubai

Dubai

#701–750 (Parent: Heriot-Watt UK)

High ranking in Engineering & AI

8

Murdoch University Dubai

Dubai

#571–580 (Parent: Murdoch Australia)

Offers top-tier IT & Cybersecurity

9

Curtin University Dubai

Dubai

#183 (Global) (Parent: Curtin Australia)

One of the highest ranked in the UAE

10

Middlesex University Dubai

Dubai

#1001–1200 (Parent: Middlesex UK)

Strong in Law, Psychology, Business

11

University of Birmingham Dubai

Dubai

#84 (Global) (Parent: Birmingham UK)

Top-tier global ranking

12

Paris Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi

#501–550 (Parent: Sorbonne France)

Best for Humanities & Intl. Law

13

Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) Dubai

Dubai

#1001–1200 (Parent: RIT USA)

Strong in Tech, Business, Innovation

14

SP Jain Global (Dubai Campus)

Dubai

Top 100 (MBA – QS Global MBA)

Highly ranked for Global MBA

15

Ajman University

Ajman

#551–600 (Arab Region)

Regional recognition for Health, Engineering

16

Abu Dhabi University

Abu Dhabi

#701–750 (Global)

Climbing in QS rankings

17

Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine (MBRU)

Dubai

N/A (Not ranked yet globally)

Specialized medical university

18

BITS Pilani – Dubai Campus

Dubai

#951–1000 (Global) (Parent: BITS Pilani India)

Strong engineering and research roots


What Does QS Ranking Consider?

  • Academic Reputation

  • Employer Reputation

  • Faculty-Student Ratio

  • International Faculty/Students

  • Research & Citations