| Course Level: | Bachelor's | |
|---|---|---|
| Course Program: | Art & Humanities | |
| Course Duration: | 4 Years | |
| Course Language: | English | |
| Required Degree | Class 12th | |
| Course Level: | Bachelor's | |
|---|---|---|
| Course Program: | Art & Humanities | |
| Course Duration: | 4 Years | |
| Course Language: | English | |
| Required Degree | Class 12th | |
Established: 1999
Location: Hollywood, Los Angeles, California
Type: Private, for-profit institution
Accreditation: The Los Angeles Film School is accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges (ACCSC) and offers degree programs in collaboration with accredited institutions.
Film Production: Including screenwriting, directing, producing, and cinematography.
Animation: Focused on both 2D and 3D animation techniques, visual effects (VFX), and character design.
Game Production: Covering areas such as game design, development, and interactive media.
Music Production: Includes courses on audio engineering, music business, and recording arts.
Digital Media Production: Training for careers in visual storytelling, digital content creation, and post-production.
Entertainment Business: Preparing students for careers in management, production coordination, and other behind-the-scenes roles within the entertainment industry.
Bachelor’s Degrees in Film, Animation, Game Production, and Music Production.
Associate Degrees in similar fields.
Diplomas and Certificates for shorter, more specialized training programs.
The Los Angeles Film School's campus is in Hollywood, which places students in close proximity to major film studios, entertainment companies, and production houses. This location provides networking opportunities and a practical environment for learning. The school has modern facilities equipped with industry-standard technology, including film studios, editing suites, recording studios, and motion capture labs.
Duration: 36 months
Key Areas: Directing, Screenwriting, Cinematography, Editing, Producing, Film History
Practical Experience: Students work on a variety of film projects, including shorts, documentaries, and feature films.
Duration: 18 months
Key Areas: Camera Operation, Lighting, Sound, Editing, Screenwriting, Directing
Practical Experience: Involves hands-on practice with equipment and on-set production.
Duration: 12 months
Key Areas: Basic Film Production, Lighting Techniques, Camera Work, Scriptwriting
Focus: Foundational skills to begin working in the industry.
Duration: 36 months
Key Areas: 3D Modeling, Animation Techniques, Visual Effects, Character Design, Storyboarding
Practical Experience: Students work with industry-standard animation software like Autodesk Maya and Adobe Creative Suite.
Duration: 18 months
Key Areas: Animation Principles, 3D Modeling, Rigging, VFX
Focus: Building foundational skills in animation and visual storytelling.
Duration: 12 months
Focus: Core animation skills, including 2D animation, 3D modeling, and motion graphics.
Duration: 36 months
Key Areas: Game Design, Game Programming, Interactive Media, 3D Modeling, Level Design
Practical Experience: Students develop games from the ground up using industry tools and engines like Unity and Unreal Engine.
Duration: 18 months
Key Areas: Game Mechanics, Game Development, Programming, 3D Modeling, Game Art
Focus: Practical experience in designing, programming, and building games.
Duration: 12 months
Focus: Introduction to the basics of game design and production.
Duration: 36 months
Key Areas: Music Production, Audio Engineering, Mixing, Mastering, Music Business
Practical Experience: Students work with professional-grade studios and software such as Pro Tools and Ableton Live.
Duration: 18 months
Key Areas: Music Production, Audio Recording, Mixing Techniques, Music Theory
Focus: Training in the technical aspects of music production, including sound recording and editing.
Duration: 12 months
Focus: Core audio production skills, including recording techniques, mixing, and sound design.
Duration: 36 months
Key Areas: Video Production, Visual Storytelling, Editing, Motion Graphics, Post-Production
Practical Experience: Students work on creating video content for a variety of platforms (films, TV, web series).
Duration: 18 months
Key Areas: Video Editing, Color Grading, Sound Design, Visual Effects
Focus: Developing core production and post-production skills.
Duration: 36 months
Key Areas: Film Marketing, Business Strategy, Project Management, Entertainment Law, Finance
Practical Experience: Students are taught how to navigate the business landscape of entertainment, with real-world applications.
Duration: 18 months
Key Areas: Business Management, Marketing, Film Production Planning, Legal Aspects
Focus: Understanding the business and financial side of the entertainment industry.
Duration: 18 months
Key Areas: VR/AR Development, Interactive Media, Immersive Environments, Game Development
Focus: Provides the skills to create immersive environments for entertainment and other applications.
Duration: 18 months
Key Areas: Audio Engineering, Sound for Film, Mixing, Recording Techniques
Focus: Hands-on training in audio production tools and techniques.
Program Name |
Duration |
Tuition Fees per Year (USD) |
|---|---|---|
|
Bachelor of Science in Film Production |
36 months (3 years) |
Approx. $30,000 - $34,000 |
|
Bachelor of Science in Animation |
36 months (3 years) |
Approx. $30,000 - $34,000 |
|
Bachelor of Science in Game Production |
36 months (3 years) |
Approx. $30,000 - $34,000 |
|
Bachelor of Science in Music Production |
36 months (3 years) |
Approx. $30,000 - $34,000 |
|
Bachelor of Science in Digital Media Production |
36 months (3 years) |
Approx. $30,000 - $34,000 |
|
Bachelor of Science in Entertainment Business |
36 months (3 years) |
Approx. $30,000 - $34,000 |
|
Bachelor of Science in Virtual Reality and Immersive Media |
36 months (3 years) |
Approx. $30,000 - $34,000 |
Program Name |
Duration |
Tuition Fees per Year (USD) |
|---|---|---|
|
Master of Fine Arts (MFA) in Film Production |
18 months (1.5 years) |
Approx. $33,000 - $35,000 |
|
Master of Fine Arts (MFA) in Media Production |
18 months (1.5 years) |
Approx. $33,000 - $35,000 |
Application Form: Complete the online application form for admission on the school’s website.
Official Transcripts: Provide transcripts from your previous education. These transcripts should be in English or accompanied by certified translations.
Portfolio/Creative Projects: Some programs (e.g., Film Production, Animation) may require a portfolio or creative project. This helps the admissions team assess your potential and background.
English Language Proficiency: International students must demonstrate proficiency in English. Common ways to do this include:
TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)
IELTS (International English Language Testing System)
PTE Academic (Pearson Test of English)
Duolingo English Test (sometimes accepted)
Visa Documentation: Once accepted, you’ll need to apply for a Student Visa (F-1) to study in the U.S. The school will issue you an I-20 form (Certificate of Eligibility for Nonimmigrant Student Status) to begin the visa application process.
Proof of Financial Support: You may need to show proof that you have the financial means to pay for tuition, living expenses, and other costs while studying in the U.S. This can include bank statements, affidavits of support, or a financial guarantee from sponsors.
The school offers rolling admissions, which means there are no strict deadlines for most programs. However, it is advisable to apply well in advance to allow sufficient time for visa processing and travel arrangements.
Specific deadlines for international students may apply, so always check the school's official website or contact their admissions team for guidance.
Bachelor's Programs: Typically range from $30,000 to $34,000 per year.
Master's Programs (MFA): Approximately $33,000 to $35,000 per year.
Additional Costs: There may be additional costs for supplies, materials, and student services that are not included in tuition fees.
Private Scholarships: Some private organizations and companies offer scholarships for international students.
School-Specific Scholarships: The Los Angeles Film School may have specific scholarships or financial assistance available for international students, but these are limited. Contact the financial aid office for more details.
Payment Plans: The school may offer payment plans for tuition fees, which can help ease the financial burden.
The cost of living in Los Angeles can be relatively high, and international students should budget for housing, food, transportation, and personal expenses. On average, living expenses in Los Angeles can range from $15,000 to $25,000 per year, depending on lifestyle and accommodation choices.
Receive the I-20 Form: After being accepted, the school will send you an I-20 form. This form confirms your eligibility to study in the U.S.
Pay the SEVIS Fee: You will need to pay the SEVIS I-901 fee (Student and Exchange Visitor Information System) before scheduling a visa interview.
Schedule a Visa Interview: You will need to schedule an interview at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate in your home country. Be sure to bring all the required documents, including your I-20 form, proof of financial support, and passport.
Attend the Interview: You’ll be interviewed by a consular officer who will assess your eligibility for the F-1 visa. If approved, you will be granted a student visa.
Arrive in the U.S.: You may enter the U.S. up to 30 days before the start of your program, and you should keep your I-20 form with you at all times while in the U.S.
On-Campus Employment: International students with an F-1 visa can work part-time on-campus while enrolled in classes, usually up to 20 hours per week during the semester and full-time during breaks.
Optional Practical Training (OPT): After completing their degree, international students may be eligible for OPT, a type of work authorization that allows students to work in the U.S. in a job directly related to their field of study. OPT typically lasts for 12 months, with the possibility of a 24-month extension for students in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) programs.
Student Apartments/Shared Housing: Many students choose to live in shared apartments or student-specific housing close to the campus.
Homestay: Some students opt for living with local families in a homestay arrangement, which can be a good cultural experience and provide additional support.
Private Rentals: Apartments and houses in Los Angeles are available for rent, but they can be expensive, especially in areas close to Hollywood. Rental costs can range from $1,200 to $2,500 per month depending on the area.
International Student Office: Assistance with visa processing, maintaining legal status, and other concerns.
Orientation Programs: Information on living in the U.S., cultural adjustment, and student life.
Academic Support: Tutoring, writing assistance, and help with coursework.
Career Services: Helping students find internships and job opportunities, including those available for international students after graduation.
First, decide on the program you want to pursue. The Los Angeles Film School offers a variety of programs at both the Bachelor’s and Master’s levels, as well as diplomas in specific areas. The programs include Film Production, Animation, Game Production, Music Production, Digital Media, Entertainment Business, and more.
Bachelor’s Programs typically take 3 years (36 months), and Master’s Programs take 1.5 years (18 months).
Completed Application Form: Available on the school's website.
Application Fee: There may be a non-refundable application fee (usually around $50, but verify on the website).
High School/College Transcripts: Submit your official transcripts from high school (for Bachelor’s programs) or previous college (for Master’s programs). If the documents are not in English, they should be translated.
Proof of Graduation: Provide proof of completion of your high school diploma or equivalent for undergraduate programs, or a bachelor’s degree for master’s programs.
Creative Portfolio (If Required): Some programs, like Film Production, Animation, and Game Production, may require you to submit a portfolio or a creative project. This is especially important for programs with hands-on creative elements.
English Proficiency (International Students): International students must demonstrate proficiency in English, usually through standardized tests like TOEFL, IELTS, or Duolingo English Test. You may also be able to meet this requirement if your previous education was in English.
Once your application is submitted, the admissions team at LAFS will review your materials. They will assess your academic background, portfolio (if applicable), and any other supporting documents.
For some programs, especially those in creative fields like Film Production, Animation, and Music Production, an interview may be part of the admissions process. The interview may be conducted online or in person.
Purpose: The interview helps the admissions team better understand your goals, passion, and readiness for the program.
International Students: Interviews can often be conducted via video call (e.g., Zoom or Skype) if you're applying from overseas.
Accepted: If you meet the qualifications and the school decides to offer you a spot.
Waitlisted: If you’re placed on a waitlist due to limited spaces, you may be notified later.
Denied: If the admissions team determines that your application doesn’t meet the necessary criteria for admission.
Sign the Enrollment Agreement: This confirms your intention to enroll at The Los Angeles Film School.
Deposit: You may need to pay a non-refundable enrollment deposit to secure your place in the program. This can range from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars.
Confirm Your Start Date: Make sure you know the start date of your program and confirm when you’ll be attending.
Pay SEVIS Fee: Pay the SEVIS I-901 fee online before scheduling your visa interview.
Visa Interview: Schedule and attend an interview at your local U.S. embassy or consulate. You will need to present documents like your I-20 form, passport, proof of financial support, and visa application.
Visa Approval: If approved, you will receive an F-1 visa, allowing you to study in the U.S.
U.S. Federal Financial Aid (for U.S. students): You can apply for federal loans and grants through FAFSA.
Private Scholarships: The school may offer private scholarships for both domestic and international students, but these are limited.
Payment Plans: The Los Angeles Film School offers payment plans for tuition fees, making it easier for students to manage the costs of their education.
Shared Student Housing or Student Apartments.
Private Rentals or Homestay arrangements with local families.
Off-Campus Apartments.
Once you arrive in Los Angeles, there will typically be an orientation session to help you get acclimated to the campus, meet your professors and classmates, and learn about the resources available to students. This is also where you will get detailed information about your course schedule and the start of classes.
International Students should also attend orientation to understand visa regulations, work permissions, and student services.
I-20 Form: This form certifies your eligibility to study in the U.S. as an international student. It is required to obtain an F-1 visa.
Health Insurance: International students may be required to purchase U.S.-based health insurance during their studies in the U.S.
Cultural Adjustment: The Los Angeles Film School offers resources to help international students adjust to life in the U.S., including academic support, social events, and cultural experiences.
Category |
Details |
|---|---|
|
Intake Period |
Fall Semester: September |
|
|
Spring Semester: January |
|
|
Summer Semester: May |
|
Application Deadlines |
Fall: Early application recommended by May. Regular by July. |
|
|
Spring: Early application recommended by November. Regular by December. |
|
|
Summer: Early application recommended by March. Regular by April. |
|
Program Start Dates |
Varies based on the semester. Typically in January, May, or September. |
|
Eligibility Criteria |
1. High School Diploma or Equivalent (GED or equivalent recognized credential). |
|
|
2. Undergraduate Programs: Must have completed high school or equivalent education. |
|
|
3. Graduate Programs: Bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution (for Master's programs). |
|
English Proficiency |
TOEFL or IELTS for international students. Minimum scores: |
|
|
TOEFL: 61 (iBT) or 500 (PBT) |
|
|
IELTS: 6.0 |
|
Standardized Tests |
SAT/ACT: Not required for undergraduate admission. |
|
GPA Requirements |
Undergraduate: Minimum 2.0 GPA (on a 4.0 scale). |
|
|
Graduate: Minimum 3.0 GPA (on a 4.0 scale). |
|
Application Process |
1. Complete online application through the LA Film School website. |
|
|
2. Submit transcripts (high school or previous university, if applicable). |
|
|
3. Provide proof of English proficiency (if applicable). |
|
|
4. Submit personal statement/essay (if required). |
|
|
5. Provide letters of recommendation (optional for some programs). |
|
Documents Required |
High school or college transcripts |
|
|
Proof of English proficiency (for international students) |
|
|
Statement of purpose/essay (if applicable) |
|
|
Portfolio or demo reel (for some programs, e.g., Film Production) |
|
Financial Aid |
Federal Financial Aid available (for U.S. citizens and eligible non-citizens). |
|
|
Scholarships, loans, and military benefits may also be available. |
|
Tuition Fees |
Approximate undergraduate tuition: $40,000–$50,000 per year. |
|
|
Graduate program tuition varies. |
Scholarship Name |
Eligibility Criteria |
Award Amount |
Details |
|---|---|---|---|
|
LA Film School Scholarship |
Open to new students applying to any program at the school. |
up to $10,000 or more |
Available for both undergraduate and graduate students. |
|
Veterans and Military Benefits |
U.S. military veterans and their dependents. |
based on GI Bill benefits |
The school participates in the Post-9/11 GI Bill and other military funding programs. |
|
International Student Scholarship |
Open to international students applying to degree programs. |
up to $5,000 |
For students who demonstrate financial need and academic excellence. |
|
Need-Based Scholarship |
Based on financial need as determined by the school. |
N/A |
Available for students who demonstrate financial hardship. |
|
Transfer Student Scholarship |
Available for students transferring from another college or university. |
Up to $5,000 |
For students who transfer to the Los Angeles Film School with a solid academic record. |
|
Creative Achievement Scholarship |
For students with exceptional portfolios or creative projects. |
up to $5,000 |
Awarded based on creative talent, such as a film, animation, or music project portfolio. |
|
Alumni Referral Scholarship |
For students referred by an alumni of the school. |
N/A |
Available for new students who are referred by an alumni of the film school. |
|
Diversity Scholarship |
Encourages students from diverse backgrounds. |
N/A |
Awarded to students from underrepresented groups in the creative arts. |
|
Women in Film Scholarship |
For female students pursuing a degree in film, media, or production. |
up to $5,000 |
Encourages women to enter the film and media industry. |
|
External Scholarships (Partnered) |
Offered through external organizations or partnerships. |
based on specific scholarship |
The school partners with external organizations for additional scholarship opportunities. |
Category |
Details |
|---|---|
|
Campus Location |
Located in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. |
|
|
Central location with easy access to entertainment industry hubs, studios, and media companies. |
|
Campus Facilities |
Film Studios: Equipped with state-of-the-art equipment for film production, animation, and sound. |
|
|
Sound Stages: High-quality facilities for production, editing, and mixing. |
|
|
Computer Labs: Equipped with professional software for film editing, animation, and music production. |
|
|
Recording Studios: For music production and audio engineering programs. |
|
|
Library: Offers resources for film, media, and entertainment industry research. |
|
|
Student Lounge/Break Areas: Spaces for relaxation, group work, and socializing. |
|
|
Classrooms: Equipped with modern teaching tools and multimedia support. |
|
Accommodation Options |
On-Campus Housing: Currently, The Los Angeles Film School does not provide on-campus dormitories or housing. |
|
|
Off-Campus Housing: Students typically live off-campus in nearby apartments or shared housing. |
|
|
The school offers housing resources to help students find nearby accommodations. |
|
Off-Campus Housing Resources |
The school provides a Housing Placement Assistance Program, helping students find nearby rental properties and roommates. |
|
|
Housing options are available within a short commute (5-15 minute drive) from the campus. |
|
Average Accommodation Costs |
Rent for Studio Apartments: Around $1,800–$2,500 per month (depending on location and size). |
|
|
Rent for 1-Bedroom Apartments: Around $2,500–$3,500 per month (in central areas near the school). |
|
|
Shared Apartments (2-3 students): Around $900–$1,500 per month per person (cost depends on the neighborhood and shared arrangement). |
|
Utilities and Other Costs |
Utilities (electricity, water, internet) are usually not included in rent and cost around $100–$200 per month per person. |
|
Meal Plans |
The school does not offer meal plans. Students often purchase food from local cafes, restaurants, and grocery stores. |
|
Transportation |
Many students use public transportation (LA Metro) or ride-sharing services to commute to campus. |
|
|
The school is located in a highly walkable area with access to public transit and bike-friendly routes. |
|
Student Housing Considerations |
Housing near Hollywood and central LA tends to be expensive, so students may need to budget accordingly. |
|
|
Roommate arrangements can significantly reduce costs for students. |
Location: LAFS is located in the heart of Hollywood, Los Angeles. Being in such a culturally rich area provides students with many opportunities to network, intern, and participate in industry events.
Facilities: The campus is equipped with cutting-edge technology and equipment used in the film, music, and animation industries. The facilities include sound stages, editing suites, recording studios, and equipment for both digital and film production.
Collaborative Culture: The film school fosters a strong sense of collaboration among students from different disciplines. Filmmaking, animation, audio production, and game design students often work together on projects, giving them real-world experience in teamwork.
Filmmaking (BFA in Film Production, AFA in Film Production)
Animation (Bachelor’s in Animation)
Game Design
Audio Production
Music Production
Internships: LAFS has strong ties to Hollywood, and students have access to internships and job placement opportunities at major studios, production companies, and entertainment brands.
Guest Speakers: Industry professionals, including directors, producers, actors, and composers, frequently visit the school to give lectures, host workshops, and mentor students.
Film Festivals: The school encourages participation in local and international film festivals. Students often have the opportunity to showcase their work at events such as the Los Angeles Film Festival, Cannes, and others.
Clubs and Organizations: There are student-run clubs and organizations focused on filmmaking, animation, audio production, and more. These groups often organize events like screenings, workshops, and creative competitions.
Networking Events: Given the proximity to Hollywood, students frequently attend networking events, film premieres, and industry mixers. These events provide valuable exposure to professionals and help build a student’s industry connections.
Screenings and Workshops: Students often participate in or host screenings of their films, attend workshops on industry topics, and engage in discussions with peers and mentors about current trends and techniques.
Career Services: LAFS offers career counseling, job search assistance, and resources for building portfolios and resumes. The school also helps students connect with potential employers in the entertainment industry.
Advising and Mentoring: Academic advisors and industry mentors are available to guide students in their studies and career path.
Student Housing: Although LAFS does not provide on-campus housing, students have access to off-campus housing resources, and many choose to live in the surrounding areas of Hollywood and downtown Los Angeles.
Cultural and Entertainment Hub: Los Angeles is a city with a vibrant cultural scene. Students have easy access to museums, theaters, live performances, and other entertainment options that align with their studies and passions.
Diverse Community: LA is known for its diversity, and this is reflected in the student body at LAFS. Students come from all over the world, bringing various perspectives to their work and collaborations.
Weather and Outdoors: LA has a mild Mediterranean climate, making it perfect for outdoor activities. Students can enjoy the city’s many parks, beaches, and hiking trails in their downtime.
Cost of Living: Los Angeles is an expensive city, and while the film school provides resources, students must plan carefully for living expenses.
Competitive Field: The entertainment industry is highly competitive, and while LAFS offers excellent training, students need to be proactive in seeking internships, job opportunities, and building industry contacts.
Proximity to Hollywood: The school’s location gives students direct access to the entertainment industry, which is crucial for placement. Hollywood is home to major studios, production companies, agencies, and post-production facilities, all of which frequently hire graduates from LAFS.
Alumni Network: LAFS boasts a strong alumni network that includes successful filmmakers, audio engineers, animators, and other entertainment professionals. Many alumni return to mentor current students or assist with job placements. The school’s alumni often recommend students for positions, internships, or collaborative projects.
Industry Partners: LAFS has partnerships with several major entertainment and media companies, including studios, production houses, and post-production companies, which may offer students internship or job opportunities through their connections.
Internship Programs: One of the most significant ways that LAFS helps students gain industry experience is through internships. The school works with numerous film, music, animation, and game design companies in Los Angeles to secure internships for students. These internships provide hands-on experience and a foot in the door with industry professionals.
Internships in Hollywood: Students have opportunities to intern at major Hollywood studios, production companies, TV networks, and music labels. These internships are critical stepping stones for students looking to build their resumes and networks.
Real-World Experience: Internships often serve as a direct pathway to full-time employment. Many students receive job offers after completing internships or even during their internships if they perform exceptionally well.
Career Counseling: The Career Services department at LAFS offers personalized career counseling to help students identify their strengths, craft professional resumes, and develop a strategy for entering the entertainment industry. Advisors assist with job search techniques and preparing for interviews.
Job Search Assistance: LAFS provides students with job boards, networking events, and listings for freelance work and full-time positions. These opportunities are tailored to the entertainment industry and align with students’ chosen fields, whether it be film production, animation, audio production, or other entertainment sectors.
Mock Interviews: To prepare students for the competitive job market, Career Services offers mock interviews and workshops to practice professional communication, resume building, and portfolio presentations.
Exposure through Film Festivals: LAFS encourages students to participate in film festivals and competitions, both locally and internationally. Film festivals are excellent places for students to showcase their work, gain exposure, and connect with industry professionals.
Student Work Showcases: The school hosts regular film screenings, music showcases, and animation displays, which often attract industry professionals looking for new talent. These events can lead to direct job opportunities or collaborations.
Networking Events: LAFS frequently hosts industry professionals for guest lectures, workshops, and networking events. Students have the chance to meet directors, producers, casting agents, and other influential figures who can offer advice or help them with career opportunities.
Collaborative Projects: Many students are also recruited through collaborative projects, where industry professionals work directly with students on film productions or other media projects. This gives students real-world experience and visibility.
LAFS alumni have gone on to work with major studios and networks, such as Warner Bros., Paramount Pictures, NBC Universal, Sony Pictures, Disney, and DreamWorks Animation. Alumni also work in independent film production, game design companies, sound engineering, and music production.
Notable alumni include filmmakers, animators, sound designers, and musicians who have contributed to films, TV shows, games, and music that have received critical acclaim and commercial success.
Freelance Opportunities: Many graduates from LAFS pursue freelance careers in areas like film production, post-production, animation, audio engineering, and more. The school provides ongoing support for freelancers, connecting them with job opportunities and networks to help them sustain their careers.
Post-Graduation Placement: LAFS maintains relationships with employers and studios after graduation, ensuring alumni continue to have access to new job listings and career opportunities.
The acceptance rate for The Los Angeles Film School is generally around 30% to 35%, though it can vary slightly from year to year. This rate reflects the competitive nature of the school, especially for those applying to specialized programs like film production, animation, and music production.
Los Angeles Film School
6363 Sunset Blvd,
Los Angeles, CA 90028,
USA
